营改增国外文献综述

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营业税改征增值税外文文献
篇一:营改增国外文献综述

本科毕业论文

外文文献及译文

文献、资料题目:Comparing the Value-Added Tax

文献、资料来源:Journal of Public Economics

文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2011.4

院 (部): 商学院

专 业: 会计学

班 级: 会计092

姓 名: 张苑苑

学 号: 2009091213

指导教师: 孙园园

翻译日期: 2013.6.16

外文文献:

Comparing the Value-Added Tax to the Retail Sales Tax

For Richard F. Dye , Therese J. McGuire

Journal of Public Economics

April 2011

Overview of VAT

More than 130 countries use VAT as a key source of government revenue. VAT is a general, broad-based consumption tax assessed on the value added to goods and services. VAT is generally levied on value added at every stage of production, with a mechanism allowing the sellers a credit for the tax they have paid on their own purchases of goods and services (input tax) against the taxes collected on their sales of goods and service (output tax). Generally, VAT is: A general tax that applies to all commercial activities involving the production and distribution of goods and the provision of services; A consumption tax ultimately borne by the consumer; An indirect tax levied on the consumer as part of the price of goods or services; A multistage tax visible at each stage of the production and distribution chain; and A fractionally collected tax that uses a system of partial payments whereby a seller charges VAT on all of its sales with a corresponding claim of credit for VAT that it has been charged on all of its purchases.

There are three methods of calculating VAT liability: the credit-invoice method, the subtraction method, and the addition method. This column deals with only the credit-invoice method, which is the most widely used. The credit-invoice method highlights the VAT defining feature: the use of output tax (tax collected on sales) and input tax (tax paid on purchases). A taxpayer generally computes its VAT liability as the difference between the VAT charged on taxable sales and the VAT paid on taxable purchases. This method requires the use of an invoice that separately lists the VAT component of all taxable sales. The sales invoice for the seller becomes the purchase invoice of the buyer. The sales invoice shows the output tax collected and the purchase invoice shows the input tax paid. To summarize, taxpayers use the credit-invoice method to calculate the amount of VAT to be remitted to the taxing authorities in the following manner: Aggregate the VAT shown in the sales invoices (output tax); Aggregate the VAT shown in the purchase invoices (input tax); Subtract the input tax from the output tax and remit any

balance to the government; and In the event the input tax is greater than the output tax. The United States is the only member of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development that does not levy a VAT on a national level; however, VAT has become widely recognized as an important option in federal tax reform debates.

Indirect taxes such as value added taxes (VAT) generate a substantial part of tax revenue in many countries. In fact, VAT systems generate a quarter of the world’s tax revenue. Nearly 130 countries now have a VAT system (with over 70 countries having adopted the system during the last 10 years) (Keen and Mintz 2004). More focus on internationally mobile tax bases has drawn attention to directing more of the tax burden to indirect taxes such as consumption taxes or VAT systems, and less to income taxes, especially capital income (Gordon and Nielsen 1997). During the harmonization of EU taxes, indirect taxes, and VAT systems received much attention (Fehr et al. 1995). A general VAT law covering all private goods and services characterizes the current EU system, but there are still many exemptions from this general instruction.Such a VAT system also exists in Norway as a consequence of the Norwegian VAT reform in 2001. The reform introduced a general VAT law on services, but many exemptions are still speci?ed.

There are several arguments in favor of a general and uniform VAT system, compared with imperfect, nonuniform (and nongeneral) systems. Such a system may improve economic

ef?ciency and reduce administration costs, rent-seeking and fraud activities by industries that lobby for lower rates and zero ratings (Keen and Smith 2006). A general and uniform VAT system equals a uniform consumer tax on all goods and services. Such a system also implies that the producers’ net VAT rate on material inputs equals zero, irrespective of the rate structure. This is optimal according to the production ef?ciency theorem (Diamond and Mirrlees 1971a, 1971b).A VAT system with exemptions violates the production ef?ciency theorem because taxation of intermediates will differ between industries. On the other hand, industries that are covered by the VAT system but have lower rates or zero ratings on their sales are favored because they can withdraw expenditures to VAT on intermediates at full rates and only levy reduced or zero rates on their sales.

A general and uniform VAT system may also have positive effects on the distribution of welfare among households. If the initial situation is characterized by a VAT on most goods but only on a few services, the introduction of a uniform rate on all goods and services may improve the distribution of welfare because services’ share of consumption increases with income.

Keen (2007) points to the lack of interest in value added taxation from the theoretical

second-best literature in spite of the VAT’s popularity in practical tax policy. As mentioned

above, VAT systems are in general not uniform. Theoretical analyses demand relatively simple models and simple tax structures to be analytically tractable.In practical policies, the structures of the economy and the tax systems are quite complex, and there is a need for detailed numerical models in order to analyze the effects of different VAT systems. This paper contributes to the

literature by analyzing the welfare effects of an imperfect extension of a nonuniform VAT system, and comparing different imperfect, nonuniform VAT systems with a uniform and general

VAT system within an empirically based dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for a small open economy. This model mirrors a real economy, Norway, and differs in many respects from the more simple theoretical models that ful?ll the assumptions of normative tax theory and recommend uniform commodity taxes, combined with no input taxation.

In our analyses, we ask the following questions. Can the introduction of a nonuniform VAT system including only some services make the economy worse off than having a VAT system only covering goods and in that case, why? Such reforms characterize both the Norwegian VAT reform of 2001 and the EU VAT reform from the late 1990-ties. Will an additional extension to a uniform and general VAT system be welfare superior to the nonuniform (and nongeneral) VAT systems and what are important preconditions? As will be explained below, one cannot on purely theoretical grounds establish the welfare rankings of such VAT systems when there are

preexisting distortions as tax wedges and market power in the economy. The baseline VAT system is a nonuniform VAT system mainly covering goods. This baseline VAT system is then compared with (1) the extended nonuniform Norwegian VAT reform of 2001, and (2) a general VAT system characterized by a uniform VAT rate on all goods and services, including public goods and services. The Norwegian VAT reform of 2001 was a step in the direction of a general VAT system by including many services, but there are still many exemptions, zero ratings and lower rates. In particular, the VAT rate on food and nonalcoholic beverages is half the general VAT rate. The policy reforms are made public revenue neutral, and changes in lump sum

transfers as well as in the system speci?c VAT rate are studied. With a revenue-neutral change in the system-speci?c VAT rate, the VAT systems can be ranked with respect to welfare

effects.

Ballard et al. (1987) and Gottfried and Wiegard (1991) analyze the welfare effects of different VAT systems including tax exemptions and zero ratings in static CGE models. The separability and homogeneity assumptions in their consumer demand models favor a uniform VAT system, which is supported in their policy simulations. In contrast, our model is an

intertemporal CGE model for a small open economy without strict homogeneity assumptions in consumer demand. Our model is well designed for analyzing VAT reforms because it

distinguishes between many industries, input factors and consumer goods and services. The modeling and parameters in the consumer demand system and the production technology are all the results of comprehensive micro- and macroeconometric analyses of Norwegian data. The model has a detailed description of the Norwegian system of direct and indirect taxes.

Speci?cally, net VAT rates on the input factors and gross VAT rates on the consumer goods and services are included in the model. We disregard the effects on costs of administration,

rent-seeking and distribution of welfare among households. The model emphasizes the small open economy characteristics by using given world market prices and interest rates. Imperfect competition is present in the domestic markets. A uniform and general VAT system is not a priori the most ef?cient in our model.

When comparing the two different nonuniform VAT systems, our analysis shows that an imperfect extension of the VAT system to cover more services is welfare inferior to the baseline nonuniform VAT system only covering goods. Obtaining ef?ciency in production is empirically important for the welfare effects of the different VAT systems. An imperfect extension of the VAT system reduces ef?ciency in production because intermediates will be taxed differently for

different industries. Consumer ef?ciency is also reduced due to lower VAT on inelastic goods and higher VAT on elastic services. Introducing a general and uniform VAT system is not obviously welfare superior in a distorted economy, but we ?nd that such a system improves

welfare compared to the other imperfect regimes. A signi?cant empirical advantage of the general and uniform system, which is revealed by the computations, is also its ability to reduce initial wedges in deliveries to the export and domestic markets.

General VAT Computation

To see VAT in action, consider Exhibit 1 on p. 612, which provides a simple illustration of how VAT is implemented in the production of bread. A farmer grows and sells wheat to a miller, who grinds the wheat into flour. The miller sells the flour 2 to a baker, who makes the dough and bakes the bread. The bread is then sold to the grocer, who sells the bread to the final consumer. In each stage of bread production, value is added by the seller, and VAT is levied on that amount. To ensure that VAT is levied only on the value added by the producer, VAT uses the credit-invoice mechanism. Thus, on selling the bread to the grocer, the baker collects $30 in VAT and claims an input credit of $15, the VAT paid when the baker purchased flour from the miller. The baker ends up remitting a net VAT liability of $15 to the tax authorities. The total revenue created by VAT is the sum of VAT liability collected in each stage of bread production, in this case $50. Although

期末文献综述 营改增
篇二:营改增国外文献综述

营改增国外文献综述。

宁波大学考核答题纸

(2015—2016学年第一学期)

课号: 010A01AA5 课程名称:经济应用文写作 改卷教师:陈钧浩 学号: 146330876 姓 名:张雨薇 得 分:

建筑业“营改增”困境及影响文献综述

摘要:“营改增”是完善现行流转税制的基础性举措,有利于国家进行经济的宏观的调控,及时的进行经济结构的调整。建筑业营业税改征增值税在即,但实际试点中建筑业却迟迟未纳入其中,足见建筑业“营改增”难度之大。本文通过文献综述,阐述了“营改增”的概念及影响,综述了建筑业“营改增”面临的主要困境,最后提出了相应的建议。 Abstract: To replace the business tax with a value-added tax is a fundamental measure to perfect the current circulation of tax system, is advantageous to the national economic macro control, as well as a timely manner to adjust the economic structure.To replace the business tax with a value-added tax in construction business will begin soon, but the actual pilot construction has not included, it serves to show the difficulty of this change in construction industry. Through literature review, this paper expounds the concept of to replace the business tax with a value-added tax and its influence, reviews the main difficulties, finally puts forward the corresponding suggestions.

关键词: 建筑业 营业税改征增值税 困境 影响

Keywords: construction industry; to replace the business tax with a value-added tax; predicament; influence

“营改增”是政府大力发展市场经济的勇敢实践,“营改增”进程是我国在新形势下,对税收体制完善的重要举措。“营改增”具有着广泛的社会意义,“营改增”不仅能够聚力于经济的增长,同时也能够有助于社会建设,政治建设,生态文明建设以及党的建设,促进整个改革进程的全面深化。虽然困难重重,但建筑业实行“营改增”无疑将促进建筑行业的协调性,有利于行业的科学持续发展。本文旨在通过对相关文献的综述,界定“营改增”的概念,阐述“营改增”对建筑业的预期影响,评述建筑业“营改增”的主要困境,并对政府和企业提出相应的建议。

一、建筑业营改增及其影响研究营改增国外文献综述。

(一)营改增概念及意义

“营改增”是营业税改征增值税的简称。其中营业税是一种价内税,计税较简单,以营业额(含税价格,即税后造价)作为计税基数,应纳税额 =营业额(税后造价)×税率[1]。应纳税额为“定值”,与营业额直接相关。而增值税是一种价外税,计税方式

分一般计税方法和简易计税方法[2]。根据《营改增方案》规定,建筑业原则上适用增值税一般计税方法,以销售额(除税价格,即税前造价)作为计税基数,应纳税额 = 销项税额 -进项税额,其中销项税额 =销售额(税前造价) ×税率。应纳税额为“变值”,不仅与销项税额相关,而且与进项税额相关。营改增自2012年1月试点以来,试点地区由点扩面再到全国,试点行业也陆续增加到“3+7”(交通运输业、邮政业、电信业和7个现代服务业)。而建筑业仍尚未纳入营改增试点,足见建筑业的特殊性及改征的难度。这也从侧面反应了营改增将对建筑业产生重大影响[3]。针对营改增的问题,必须坚持从全社会利益的角度来看,把营改增设计的影响因素内化统筹到社会主义社会的建设当中去,仔细的加以审视,才能够做出全面的、系统的判断。

根据国家统计局国民经济行业分类标准,建筑业包括房屋建筑业、土木工程建筑业、建筑安装业、建筑装饰和其他建筑业。建筑业虽属于第二产业范围,但是由于其主要以劳务输出为主,所以成为了第二产业中唯一被划分为征收营业税的产业[4]。目前,我国对建筑业课征3% 的营业税,存在着严重的税制不统一、 抵扣链条不畅通和重复征税问题。如建筑工程所用原材料、设备及其他物资和动力价款在缴纳增值税后仍需课征营业税,且流转环节越多,重复课税问题越严重。 由此可见,征收营业税已经严重阻碍了建筑业的发展。

(二)营改增对建筑行业的影响

1、税负变动的双重影响

一方面,从企业角度而言,按照目前暂定的11%征税的可能会造成企业的税负增加,对行业资产总量与就业产生影响。因为建筑业中间环节多,涉及面比较广,营改增进程对建筑业的影响很大。对此,部分学者提出建议可以将税率设置为8.1%左右,并进行了模型论证。[5]另一方面,从国家税收角度而言,若采用11%的税率,税负水平将低于最终税收负担率,税负下降过大,会给政府财政带来压力。因此,又学者建议采用13%的税率,使建筑业增值税税负水平介于改革前实际税负和最终税负之间,略低于最终税负率,并能从宏观角度上保证增值税财政功能的发挥。[6]

2、企业风险增加,产品定价改变

建筑业营改增会增加涉税风险,对企业的现金流造成一定的影响,同时直接影响营业收入。[7]具体而言,营改增将会导致建筑企业的收入和利润减少。此外,价外税税收负担最终由消费者来承担,会颠覆了以前的产品定价的模式,将导致产品定价发生变化,进而对建筑市场造成较大的影响。[8]

3、促进产业融合和技术革新

建筑业营改增能够减少企业的重复征税,利于延伸二三产业的增值税抵扣链条,促进二三产业的融合发展的结论。同时,建筑业营改增将利于施工企业更多投入企业的技术与设备,促进建筑业运营规模的提升,实现企业的及时转型。[9]

二、建筑业营改增面临的困境

(一)建筑业客观情况造成的困境

1、原材料来源复杂

建筑业材料存在着不能抵扣的进项税较多的明显特征。建筑业材料来源方式较多,加以建筑企业施工地点一般比较偏僻,很多从个体户、杂货店购置的砂、石及零星材料无发票。[9]此外,一些项目用其他票据抵充的情况也是时有发生。材料采购发票管理难度大,也给增值税进项税的核算及管理带来难题。

2、施工机械使用主体不明确

目前,建筑业基本上是以施工机械台班结算单、租赁单等作为机械使用费进行成本核算的。实务中,建筑企业总公司购置的施工机械,其进项税额都较大,实际使用却是项目部,而项目部又不是一个法律主体,这些都增加了增值税抵扣难度。[10]

3、人工成本比重大

建筑业中人工费平均比重约为20%~30%,低于材料费占建筑工程费50%~ 60% 的平均比重水平,高机械费约 5% ~ 10% 的比重水平,略高或相当于间接费用所占比重水平。

[11]由此可见,人工费是建安工程费用的重要组成部分。而且随着社会经济的发展,劳动力成本的快速上升已是一个不争的事实。但在我国现行法规中,人工成本不能抵扣进项税额,若单由3%税率的营业税变成更高税率的增值税,那么这一部分人工成本将在无形中提高了施工企业的税负。

(二)建筑业生产管理过程造成营改增困境

1、税利失调

在建筑业营改增的过程中税率比例和利润率失调的情况极易产生,建筑业中常见的最低价中标制度严重挤压了施工企业的利润。房屋作为建筑产品,一方面其价格中没有法定的利润,另一方面同业无序竞争,非理性压价,致使行业利润被挤压,始终比较低下。而税费是按合同额收取的,不管项目盈利还是亏损,无一例外都要征税,使得税利比例失调极易产生。[12]

2、生产过程的特殊性

建筑业是特殊的物质生产行业,具有露天作业 、流动性大、工程周期长的特点。相比于一般的工业产品,建筑业产品体积更为庞大,且作业时间长,需要耗用大量的人力、物力、财力。施工周期越长,占用的资金越多,但在生产过程中不能提供任何效益,只有在建成验收交货后才能产生效益。因此,较多情况下,建筑业行业企业存在着生产经营困难,拖欠税收的情况,这也为建筑业营改增的推行带来了难度。

三、建筑业营改增困境解决对策

(一)科学配置行业税率

针对营改增后企业可能面对的财务困难,学者们也分别进行了建筑业营改增税率配置研究。部分学者认为增值税11%的税率偏高。其主要原因除上述的进项税额难以抵扣外,还有建筑业的实际利润率低下。事实上,目前建筑行业的平均利润率只有3.5%,其中还包含了多种经营和少量自营房地产开发的企业综合利润率,纯房建施工的企业利润

率普遍达不到 1%。[13]建筑企业应税利润率与实际实现的企业利润相去甚远,据此确定建筑业 11%的增值税率显然有失偏颇。部分学者则持相反意见,认为 11%的税率可推广继续使用,不同建筑企业的税负变化可能不尽相同,且部分建筑企业的税负可能增加,但从宏观、长远着眼,建筑业营改增适用 11% 的税率能切实降低税负,仍具有可行性,并认为要及时的建立地方税体系,健全中央与地方财力与事权相匹配的体制,促进营改增进程的科学推进。[12]此外,对于税负加重的企业,可以通过提高价格转嫁税负和企业内部消化等途径加以解决。[14]

(二)科学规划生产经营,完善行业管控体系营改增国外文献综述。

戴国华建议为解决目前建筑业面对的困境,可以细化业务衔接流程,明确材料的收入口径,确定分包款的税收扣除方式,同时衔接固定资产抵扣方法,规范行业的核算标准,以会促进营改增发展的科学性。[15]

邱泰如认为面对营改增的新形势,要切实解决好建筑业购进机械设备进项税额抵扣的问题,同时对其他方面进项税额也要加以合理抵扣。加强税收筹划及管理,加强资金管理,加大应收账款的催收力度,合理调配资金,防止建筑企业资金链断裂。[16]

周建国强调为使建筑业更好地适应营改增税制变化,应该提高其管理水平,合理评估企业现有的成本管理、工程预结算、财务会计等系统,更新换代以确保税改后能够准确地核算会计信息。同时也要注重调整企业的生产组织方式、市场营销和经营模式等方面,完善企业治理机制,主动从供应商选择、合同管理、财务管理、产业链构建等多方面多层次的进行税务筹划,享受税改利益。[17]

参考文献: [1]Stickney C P, Mcgee V E. Effective corporate tax rates the effect of size, capital intensity, leverage, and other factors *[J]. Journal of Accounting & Public Policy, 1982, 1(2):125-152.

[2]竹隰生,任宏,郭敬. 我国建筑业人工成本现状及发展趋势分析[J]. 建筑经济,2007,12:15-18.

[3]邓飞,刘贵文,孔平.我国建筑业发展现存问题、方向及重点领域分析[J]. 建筑经济,2011,10:20-24.

[4]赵慧,齐鲁光. 营业税改征增值税对建筑企业经营业绩的影响探讨[J]. 商业经济,2013,23:44-46.

[5]李兰, 肖双琼. 建筑业“营改增”的税负变化及影响研究[J]. 商业研究, 2014(03):62-67.

[6]王金霞,彭泽. 建筑业改征增值税的税率选择[J]. 税务研究,2014,01:52-54.

[7]杨威扬. 建筑业实行“营改增”的相关问题探讨[J]. 财会月刊, 2012(35):36-38.

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[9]宫丽文. 试论“营改增”对建筑业的影响[J]. 经济师, 2015(05):128-129.

[10]刘光军,任浩,崔胜利. 建筑业营业税改征增值税应处理好几个问题[J]. 财会月刊,2012,10:15-16.

[11]蓝羽. 谈建筑业营业税改增值税的有关问题[J].广西会计,1999,10:20-22.

[12]禹奎,陈小芳. 我国建筑业“营改增”的税率选择与征管[J].税务研究,2014,12:31-35.

[13]汪士和. 基于制度层面的建筑业“营改增”困境分析[J]. 建筑经济,2013,07:5-7.

[14]胡彦炜,赵惠敏.论我国流转税的改革目标[J]. 税务与经济(长春税务学院学报),1996,01:1-5+71.

[15]戴国华. 建筑业营业税改征增值税对企业影响的思考[J]. 财务与会计, 2012(03):41-44.

[16]邱泰如. 对建筑业“营改增”的探讨[J].

[17]周建国. 营改增试点对建筑业的影响[J].

财政研究, 2015(08). 企业改革与管理,2015,23:155.

开题报告——营改增
篇三:营改增国外文献综述

浙江大学远程教育学院

本科生毕业论文(设计)开题报告

题 目 我国试行“营改增”政策的现状及其完善 专 业

学习中心

姓 名 学 号

指导教师

年 月 日

一、文献综述:

1、国外研究观点

1954年,法国率先提出了推行增值税,历经半个世纪以来这一政策已被130多个国家采用。我国从1979年引入增值税以来,一直保持的是增值税与营业税并行的流转税格局,目前已开始扩大增值税范围的税制改革,而交通运输业与服务业一直是学者们呼声较高的行业。由于国外大部分国家从一开始就将交通运输业与服务业纳入了增值税的征收范围。所以国外研究学者少有对其进行研究。

我国的“营改增”改革具有中国特色。相关的国外文献主要还是以对增值税的研究为主:

Jenkins G.P and Kuo C.Y(2000)构建了模拟增值税系统收入政策的模型,发现在发展中国家,税收政策通常基于比较狭隘的税基;Emran M.S and Stiglitiz J.E(2005)则认为增值税改革会减少社会福利,并对许多发展中国家进行的间接税改革提出了自己的看法和见解;Keen M and Mintz J(2004)构建了一个关于增值税最优起征点的分析模型,得出其应该介于税收收入和征收成本之间:Carbonnier

营改增国外文献综述。

C.(2007)则分析了法国1987-1999年之间的两次增值税改革,并测量在税负转嫁存在的情况下生产者与消费者之间税负的分配;Keen M and Lockwood B(2009)指出增值税是十分有效的,许多开征了增值税的国家都获得了更有效的税收效果。

Richard M. Bird, Pierre-Pascal Gendron(2007)认为,增值税在不同的国家因为其政策目的不同而以各自的形式存在,但是只要“消费”征税占整个国家的财税比重足够大,这种增值税的形式就是好的。

爱伦·泰特在《增值税国际实践和问题》中列举了几种不易判别和计征增值税的服务和劳务包括:建筑业、租赁和代理业、金融服务业、境外提供劳务等。但他认为即使这样,仍应尽可纳入增值税的征收范围能。

2、国内学者的观点

霍军(2002)指出,增值税征税对象较窄,从横向上影响了增值税的抵扣的完整性。1994年的增值税政策,虽然是生产型的,而且从第二产业的生产环节延伸到了第三产业的商品批零环节,但却丝毫未涉及服务业。这明显有违于税收的公平原则。

刘汉屏、陈国富(2001)认为,现在世界主流国家在增值税征收对象和其他流转税的配合上,都有一个共识,就是应该是税种的重叠关系,而非并行关系,也不存在划分各自范围的纠葛。

贾康(2010)认为增值税扩围改革的终极目的是建立一个包含全部商品和劳务的现代增值税。

孙刚认为增值税改征营业税的改革,“分步实施”无论从解决问题的角度还是从实际的推进上都有“一步到位”难以企及的优点,因此目前营改增一步步分行业分地区推进是个较优选择。

关于“营改增”的文献主要还是以国内文献为主:

一部分学者认为,“营改增”有利于简化税制,促进经济结构的优化,加速制造业和服务业的深度融合。例如:

刘志坚(2011)通过分析、比较交通运输业缴纳营业税的现状及困难,阐述了改征增值税的必要性和实际意义;同时他还认为2009年增值税的顺利转型,为扩围打开了局面,奠定了必要的基础,目前增值税扩围已经具备了各种充分必要条件;

施文泼、贾康(2011)等认为现行税制中对第二产业的建筑业和大部分的第三产业课征营业税会导致经济运行中增值税的抵扣链条被打断,增值税的中性效应大打折扣,同时营业税无法抵扣不利于企业的专业化分工和服务外包的发展,因此增值税的扩围势在必行,两税合并还能够破除两套税制并行造成的税收征管实践的一些困境;

许善达( 2012)认为经济转型必须要扩大现代服务业的发展,而营业税是制约第三产业发展的重大制度性障碍之一,因此他认为大中城市经济的持续发展最大的前提就是营业税向增值税转型,并且他认为营业税改革会涉及到所有行业的税负,服务业和制造业企业税负水平都将全面下降;

李国华( 2012)认为营业税和增值税的两税合并能解决我国当前税制改革的当务之急,并且针对两税合并后相关税率的设计提出了建议:由于无形资产具有投入物耗比例低、经济附加值较高的特点,建议实行较低的增值税税率以提高我国经济的技术含量;同时由于服务业所包含的种类纷繁复杂,且各行业利润、收入以及负税能力各不相同,因此有必要对服务业各行业实行有差别的增值税税率设计;

然而,也有一部分学者认为虽然增值税扩围已迫在眉睫,但此次改革不仅是税收制度的重大改革,还会受到制度设计、模式选择,企业负担等各方面的制约,因此可能会面临许多不同的挑战,从而导致实际情况偏离预期效果:

潘文轩( 2012)认为短期来说,增值税扩围会使各试点行业税负出现不同程度的波动,或减轻或加重,而非试点行业则暂时不受影响;而从长期来看,则会使得大部分服务行业的流转税负出现不同程度的下降,其中商务服务业将获得最显著的减税效应,但租赁业和部分交通运输业的流转税负会有所上升;

夏杰长、管永吴(2012) 则认为选择上海作为试点城市回避了改革对于财政体制和税务机制设置的影响,使得上海的试点优势成为了劣势,无法为改革在全国范围进一步推广提供借鉴和帮助,贸然以增值税全面代替营业税为时过早。他们认为应在经济发展水平不同的地方同时展开试点,比较结果,权衡试点方案对行业的影响,为以后改革的全面推行奠定实践基础。

还有一部分学者则认为现阶段我国经济发展水平和征管条件的制约下,进行增值税改革不论是“渐进性”扩围”还是“全面性”扩围,时机都尚不成熟:

张云华 (2011) 认为没有经过科学的税负测算,单从重复征税的角度主观推测其税负较重,从而否定营业税的观点值得商榷;其次他认为增值税扩围并不能有效解决增值税抵扣链条中断的问题,如果扩围后大部分企业仍然按照小规模纳税人进行简易征收,则增值税抵扣链条中断问题依然存在。

综合上述观点,我们可以得出两个结论:1、包含货物及劳务的现代型增值税是我国税制改革的方向;2、鉴于“营改增”情况复杂,难以一步到位,应逐步推进。

二、论文提纲

1、“营改增”相关理论概述

2、“营改增”的背景及原因

2.1“营改增”的背景

2.2“营改增”的主要原因和政策目标

2.2.1从公共政策的角度来分析我国营业税改征增值税试点主要原因

2.2.2“营改增”的政策目标

3上海试点“营改增”的现状

3.1上海试点的背景.

3.1.1上海经济转型的迫切需要

3.1.2带动区域和全国经济的需要

3.2上海“营改增”的具体内容

3.2.1税目和税率

3.2.2一般纳税的人认定标准

3.2.3增值税起征点的规定

3.2.4零税率及免税规定

4 营改增试点政策不足之处及改进建议

4.1营改增试点政策不足之处

4.1.1现行营改增试点政策的不足之处

4.1.2试点工作推进过程存在的其他问题

4.2营改增试点下一步扩围政策的改进建议

4.2.1完善现有政策的不足之处

4.2.2完善税收法制体系

5 结论

三、参考文献

[1]曹国琪.调整中的全球经济格局与上海经济转型[J].科学发展,2011,8.

[2]方名山.上海现代服务业发展对策研究[J].科学发展,2011,11.

[3]顾建光.公共经济学原理[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2007.

[4]高培勇.间接税应进入结构性减税[N].人民日报海外版,2012 (02).

[5]黄朝晓.改革现行营业税制度促进第三产业发展[J].广西财经学院学报, 2009,5.

[6]黄钢平.降低我国宏观税负问题研究[J].西安财经学院学报,2006,6.

[7]霍军.主要税种比较研究[M].北京:中国税务出版社,2002.85.

[8]贾康.为何我国营业税要改征增值税[J].财会研究,2012,1.

[9]贾康.当前营业税改增值税的具体问题探讨[J].中国总会计师,2012,l0.

[10]贾康,施文泼.扩大增值税征收范围的思考[J].中国财政,2010,19.

马伟坚-1336153075-“营改增”对交通运输业影响的文献综述
篇四:营改增国外文献综述

题目:

暨 南 大 学 MPAcc课程论文 2014-2015学年第一学期 献综述 课程名称: 中 国 税 制 班 级: 2013级兼读制MPAcc 姓 名: 马 伟 坚 学 号: 1336153075 “营改增”对交通运输行业的影响文

“营改增”对交通运输行业的影响文献综述

摘 要:交通运输业作为“营改增”的试点,会对企业的税收负担、财务管理和税收筹划等方面产生重大影响,适当的政策措施既有助于避免双重纳税,降低企业税负,又可以进一步优化企业财务管理,加强纳税筹划,实现企业利润最优化。本文对“营改增”的文献进行细化分析,对已有研究从影响因素的视角综述了“营改增”后交通运输业的影响,并从中梳理出共同影响因素,进一步有针对性地对企业管理提出具体改善措施。

关键词:营改增;交通运输业;税负;


关于营改增的文献综述

本文来源:http://www.yin56.com/zhuanti/108134/

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