跨文化交际案例分析litz

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跨文化交际答案
篇一:跨文化交际案例分析litz

Unit 1 Communication Across Culture

Translation

纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为

举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为

一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多

挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的

误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。

很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有

着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方

式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平

的决定性因素。

Case Study

Case 1

In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in

spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.

We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly

that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human

relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this

case, Richard„s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening,

for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had

attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures

are in.‖

In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony

among persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation－is

more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress

individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in

conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richard„s mistake was in making great

efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right

to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar

mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor

Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.

When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen

than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture

of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, ―Help yourself‖; for

the English counterpart, ―Be my guest.‖ American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and

being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest

at an American party is one who ―makes himself at home,‖ even to the point of answering the door

or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical

English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.

Case 2

A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be

direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to

say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to

ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with

American culture in some situations, and that„s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the

techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect

communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on

implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any

improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would

show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.

Case 3

The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn„t

realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view,

family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters

would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different

way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the

same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional

cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).

Case 4

It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal

and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have

different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others.

However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships

are warm, but casual, and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the

morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner --- not because you

don„t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning.

Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more

distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special

occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to

reverse this --- see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one

you will invite more formally to dinner.

Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make

friends easily, and they don„t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often

when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances

people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.

Unit 2 Culture and Communication

Translation

文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申

这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的 DOS 或者

Unix 或者 “视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信

息。 用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它

我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的

共同特征。

文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因

而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物

是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的

特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验

之含义的相似阐释。

如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化

就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什

么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。

文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。

Case study

Case 5

In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and

well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had

not figured on North American rules which firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on

anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be

allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious

and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of

beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth.

However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every

instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese

nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the

American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an

American family.

Case 6

When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved:

utterance meaning, speaker„s meaning and hearer„s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‗How

long is she going to stay?„ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going

to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to

do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz„s

question to mean ―Litz does not want me to stay for long‖. From the Chinese point of view, it seems

to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law„s arrival. If

she feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.

Case 7

Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan,

exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don„t have one

to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn„t offer

a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to

show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.

Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she

probably doesn„t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to

the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to

Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.

Case 8

As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she

preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same

as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed at the ―shabby‖

Chinese Christmas. That„s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister „s

family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by

her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese

food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?

From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in

what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to

be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one„s culture is different from

others„. As Amy„s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have

shame.

Unit 3 Cultural Diversity

Translation

虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化

之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观

文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和

错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为

之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什

么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是

举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一

种习得的规则体系。

跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或

不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价

值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境

中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。

Case Study

Case 9

Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in

Japanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial

arts or flower arrangements.

In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideas about how to manage the company;

however, when encountered with his grandfather„s dissenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand

against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the

Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As

a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather

obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed

to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, challenging or disagreeing

with elders„ opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in

lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. That„s why the young chairman

didn„t say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.

But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture in this aspect. In many Western

cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and

young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions.

Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as

a rude and ill-bred person by other Japanese.

Case 10

In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a

company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand„s decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.

Case 11

Incidents such as these can point to possible cultural differences in so-called ―polite‖ behavior,

and at the same time highlight the tendency for people to react emotionally to unexpected behavior.

People in most cultures would probably agree that an apology is needed when an offence or

violation of social norms has taken place. However, there may be differing opinions as to when we

should apologize (what situations call for an apology) and how we should apologize. To many

Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily

mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude

just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, for instance, the

attitude of the Australian student„s parents is shocking to the Japanese but will be acceptable in an

English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own

deeds.

Case 12

In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people

sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese.

Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, the Chinese might have considered

the youth of their Canadian hosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the

host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests;

by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following

the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated.

The Canadians„ lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of

communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.

Unit 4

我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。我们

通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一

定的作用。换言之，是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。

语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意思，除此之外别

无他法。在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：

（1）他们所使用的语言；（2）我们的世界知识。这种知识包括能够预知在某种特定语境下人

们通常会说些什么。

语言是模糊的。这意味着无论是读或写，我们永远无法完全地领会他人的意思。换言之，

语言永远无法完全地表达我们的意思。然而，这对跨文化交际意味着什么呢？

首先必须明白，如果交际参与者拥有更多共同的预期和世界知识，交际便会有比较好的

效果。共同的背景、历史和经历使得人们之间的交际较为容易，因为任何一方对另一方用意

的推测都基于共同的经验和知识。来自同一个村子、同一个家庭的两个人当然要比来自地球

不同半球不同城市的两个人少犯交际上的错误，至少不会在推测对方用意上闹笑话。

Case Study

Case 13

This example vividly illustrates that failures in intercultural translation may probably lead to

very serious consequence, or even disasters to human beings. Definitely, translation is not such a

simple process as rendering a word, a sentence or a text literally, but rather a far more complex one

than most people assumed.

For example, once a Chinese cosmetic manufacturer wanted to promote their products into the

international market. The slogan of the advertisement was: ―sweet as Jade‖, since in Chinese ―jade‖

was always employed to compliment woman„s beauty; but unfortunately, it was not an appropriate

word to describe the beauty of a lady in Western cultures. In English, ―jade‖ in its use of referring a

woman had the connotations such as vulgar, rude, immoral, or skittish. Undoubtedly, the sales in

European countries were not satisfying.

The seeming equivalents between languages may have very different connotations in different

cultures, thus the translator should be cautious in the process of doing the translation so as to avoid

misunderstandings.

Case 14

―杨‖ refers to Yang Kaihui w h o w a s Mao Zedong„s deceased wife and ―柳‖ refers to Liu

zhixun who was Li shuyi„s deceased husband.They can be translated in different ways, but itseems to be very difficult, if not impossible, to achieve equivalence in translating from Chinese into

English.Adopting the literal translation strategy, version 1 appears to be faithful to the original but may

easily confuse the readers in the target language. Version 2 employs the liberal translation strategy

with an attempt to convey the original meaning as precisely as possible. However, the original poetic

flavor is lost as the rhetoric device — pun — is not reproduced.

Case 15

The translation seems to be faithful to the original, but it may not be really good for the purpose

of intercultural communication. Foreign readers of the translation may find it strange and

inappropriate.跨文化交际案例分析litz。

The following is what a friendly American journalist has commented on the translation:

My first reaction was unfortunately laughter because it is so full of mistakes. It omits some

necessary information about the Dragon-Boat Festival, including its historical origins and when

it actually takes place. These things are important… The copy seems to try to ―snow‖ the reader

with fanciful, overblown assertions about how terrific it all is, but in unintentionally hilarious

language that leaves the reader laughing out uninformed… The brochure also suffers from lack

of background material, the taking-if-for-granted that the reader already is familiar with many

aspects of Chinese history and culture„ It doesn„t tell you where to go, how to get there, when

things are open and closed, how much they cost, and so forth. All these are things people

visiting an area want to know.

Why is it that many Chinese travel guides read basically the same, no matter what region

is being written about, and are so packed with indiscriminate hyperbole? Less exaggeration

would actually be more convincing.跨文化交际案例分析litz。

Case 16

Comparing the two English versions, we can see that in Yang„s version more culturally-loaded

meanings are conveyed from the original while Hawkes„ version may be easier for English-speaking

readers to comprehend.

Look at some of the differences between the two versions of this extract:

The Lady Dowager / Grandmother Jia 贾母

Old Ancestress / Granny dear 老祖宗 Fiery Phoenix / Peppercorn Feng 凤辣子

新编跨文化交际英语教程课文翻译
篇二:跨文化交际案例分析litz

U1

reading1

跨文化交际日益引起人们的注意的原因：是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展使得不同国家、不

同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。

 L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：

A语言的产生； B文字的使用； C印刷技术的发明； D近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展； E跨文化交际。 近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。

二、对跨文化交际的不同理解

 有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。  文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族.研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。  在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点

含义:人们应用符号并借助媒介交流信息的行为与过程；人与人之间直接交往活动；通过媒介进行的信息交流与沟通活动。 人类传播的发展：

信息符号传播：手势、有限的声音、体语符号、其它符号、实物

口语传播

媒介传播

传播类型：非人类传播与人类传播

伴随人类产生发生出现；不同民族相互接触与融洽的结果；交通和通讯工具的发展促进跨文化交际的发展 含义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动

文化在跨文化交际中的地位：是跨文化交际的核心；文化的复杂性影响跨文化研究；文化涵盖历史与现实、实物与制度及观念、稳定性与能动性、群体特点与地区及个体差异影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段

case1

主角被埃及人邀请去家里吃丰盛的大餐，他用餐后说食物很好。在这种情况下,理查德错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身,而不是整个晚上,的食物。他的主人和女主人就好像他参加了一个艺术展,称赞这位艺术家说:多么美丽的你的照片。在日本工作的时候他犯了一个错，开会的时候解释试图让大家明白每个人也许都会跟他一样以减轻罪过，结果又错了。相比之下,美国人强调个性价值和容易维护个体差异时,他们似乎理由与组织的目标或价值观冲突。在这种情况下:理查德„年代错误是在努力保护自己。

case2

对于学生来说，向老师提问很多问题是不尊重的，另一方面，提问一些跟老师说的无关的也如此，代表你没有听课。在美国文化中,人们倾向于说什么是对他们的思想和他们所说的意思。因此,学生在课堂上预计提问当他们需要澄清。墨西哥文化与美国文化共享这种偏好的风格在某些情况下,这就是为什么学生们从墨西哥容易在课堂上采用提问的技巧。但是,韩国人通常喜欢间接的沟通方式,因此他们往往不会说什么是对他们的思想和更多的依赖影响和推理,以保持礼貌通过任何不恰当的言语行为,

避免丢脸。提到的情况下,许多韩国人,很多问题会显示不尊重老师,而且还反映,学生不够努力学习。

case3

多米尼加共和国 一对姊妹例子 不经允许借别人的东西是不好的。这里的冲突是不同的文化价值观和信仰。在开始的时候,玛丽没有意识到她的多米尼加妹妹看到她作为家庭的一员,在多米尼加。看来,家庭的家庭财产是由大家共享。Luz充当最多米尼加姐妹woould借贷没有每次都问。一旦玛丽知道的有一个不同的方式看待这个问题,她会更加接受。但是,她仍会经历挫折时再次发生这种情况。她必须找到方法来应付自己的情感文化反应以及她实际问题(电池耗尽)

case4

日本学生来到US 感觉美国人很友好 有一次餐桌上提问美国人为什么如此有距离感 这么冷漠 顾主很伤心 拜访扭捏地结束了 这个说明它可能只是一个不同的节奏的问题。美国人有一个节奏在他们的个人和家庭的关系,在他们的友善和慈善机构。来自其他文化背景的人有不同的节奏。美国节奏快。它的特点是快速接受别人。然而,很少美国人与自己完全在一个友谊。友谊是温暖的,但偶然和专业。例如,您有一个邻居下降在早上喝咖啡。你经常看到她,但是你从来没有邀请她吃晚餐- - - - - -不是因为你不认为她能处理叉子和刀子,但是因为那天早上你有见过她。

因此,你储备更正式的邀请共进晚餐的人住在一个更遥远的城市的一部分,您将不会看到,除非你邀请一个特殊场合。现在,如果第一个朋友附近移动,第二个动作,

跨文化交际案例及分析

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